Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is most commonly caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. While many HPV infections resolve on their own, some can lead to cellular changes in the cervix that, over time, may progress to cancer if not detected early. Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, weakened immune system, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and lack of regular cervical screening.

In the early stages, cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, which is why routine Pap smear testing and HPV screening are essential for early detection. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after intercourse or between periods, unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse. Early-stage cervical cancer is highly treatable and often curable when detected promptly. Pap smears can detect precancerous changes long before symptoms develop, making them a powerful tool in prevention.

Treatment options for cervical cancer depend on the stage of the disease, overall health, and reproductive goals. For early-stage cancer or precancerous lesions, procedures such as LEEP, cryotherapy, or conization may be sufficient. More advanced stages may require a combination of surgery (hysterectomy), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The HPV vaccine is a highly effective preventive measure, particularly when administered before exposure to the virus. Regular gynecological check-ups, timely screenings, and awareness of symptoms are key in reducing the burden of cervical cancer and promoting long-term reproductive health and well-being.