Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. They are caused by various bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV/AIDS, and trichomoniasis. Many STIs can be asymptomatic, meaning a person may not show any symptoms but can still transmit the infection to others.

Symptoms, when present, can vary depending on the type of infection and may include genital sores or ulcers, unusual discharge, burning during urination, itching, pain during intercourse, or flu-like symptoms. If left untreated, STIs can lead to serious health issues, such as infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), complications during pregnancy, increased risk of HIV transmission, and long-term organ damage. Pregnant women with STIs also risk passing the infection to their babies, which can result in miscarriage, premature birth, or neonatal infections.

Prevention and early detection are key in managing STIs. Safe sexual practices — such as consistent condom use, mutual monogamy with an uninfected partner, and regular screening — are effective strategies to reduce risk. Many bacterial STIs can be cured with antibiotics, while viral infections like herpes and HIV can be managed with antiviral medications. Timely diagnosis, treatment, and education are essential to prevent transmission and complications. Open communication with healthcare providers and sexual partners plays a critical role in maintaining sexual health and well-being.